What Causes Peptic Ulcer Disease?

Helicobacter Pylori Infection

A leading cause of peptic ulcers is an infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). This bacteria disrupts the stomach’s protective lining, making it vulnerable to stomach acid damage. Studies indicate that H. pylori is present in:

• 50-70% of people with duodenal ulcers.


• 30-50% of people with gastric ulcers.

To detect H. pylori, diagnostic tests such as the urea breath test, stool test, or blood test are recommended. The urea breath test procedure is simple, non-invasive, and widely available.

Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

Long-term use of NSAIDs like ibuprofen or aspirin weakens the stomach lining, accounting for over half of peptic ulcer cases. If you regularly take these medications, consult your doctor for alternatives or protective measures.

Other Causes and Risk Factors

• Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome: A rare condition characterized by excess stomach acid.


• Smoking and Alcohol: Both irritate the stomach lining and increase ulcer risk.


• Family History: Genetics can play a significant role.


• Stress: Chronic stress may contribute to mucosal damage, though it is less commonly a direct cause.

Symptoms of Peptic Ulcer Disease

Peptic ulcers can manifest in various ways. Common symptoms include:

• Burning Stomach Pain: Often worse between meals or at night, the pain may improve after eating or taking antacids.


• Nausea or Vomiting.


• Loss of Appetite and Weight Loss.


• Silent Symptoms: Some individuals, especially older adults or NSAID users, may experience no noticeable symptoms.

How Are Peptic Ulcers Diagnosed?

Accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment. Your doctor may use one or more of the following methods:

Symptom Assessment

A detailed discussion about the nature and timing of your symptoms will help guide diagnostic decisions.

Endoscopy

A stomach endoscopy is a procedure where a small camera examines the stomach and duodenum for ulcers. Renowned gastroenterologists like Professor Muzaffar Latif Gill at Islamabad Gastroenterology Associates (IGA) offer this advanced diagnostic tool.

Testing for H. Pylori

• The urea breath test procedure is a reliable and non-invasive method.


• Stool and blood tests may also be used.

Additional Imaging and Tests

For complex cases, additional procedures such as ultrasound endoscopy or flexible sigmoidoscopy tests may be necessary. For bile duct or pancreatic issues, an ERCP test in Pakistan is available at leading healthcare facilities.

Treatment Options for Peptic Ulcer Disease

The goal of treatment is to eliminate the underlying cause, reduce stomach acid, and promote healing. Common approaches include:

Medications

• Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs): Drugs like omeprazole reduce acid production and aid healing.


• Antibiotics: A combination of antibiotics and PPIs (triple therapy) is prescribed to eradicate H. pylori.


• Antacids and H2-Receptor Antagonists: These provide temporary relief but are generally less effective than PPIs.

Procedures for Complications

In severe cases, surgical or interventional procedures may be required:

• PEG Tube Placement Procedure: For feeding issues resulting from ulcers or obstructions.


• Endoscopic Treatments: To control bleeding or address perforations.

Complications of Untreated Peptic Ulcer Disease

Without timely treatment, PUD can lead to severe complications:

• Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Symptoms include vomiting blood or passing black, tarry stools.


• Gastric Outlet Obstruction: This causes persistent vomiting and weight loss due to stomach narrowing.


• Perforation: A life-threatening condition where an ulcer creates a hole in the stomach wall.


• Increased Risk of Gastric Cancer: Chronic H. pylori infection is a significant risk factor.

Preventing Peptic Ulcers

Prevention is always better than cure. Here are some practical steps:

• Seek medical attention promptly for persistent symptoms.


• Avoid NSAIDs unless prescribed by a healthcare professional.


• Quit smoking and limit alcohol consumption.


• Practice good hygiene to lower the risk of H. pylori infection.

Why Early Diagnosis Matters

Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent complications and ensure a better quality of life. Facilities like Islamabad Gastroenterology Associates (IGA) offer advanced care, including stomach endoscopy near me, ultrasound endoscopy, and colonoscopy services. Expert gastroenterologists like Professor Muzaffar Latif Gill provide world-class care for conditions like peptic ulcer disease.

Take Action Today

If you’re experiencing symptoms of a peptic ulcer or need preventive care, don’t wait. Book a consultation with the experts at Islamabad Gastroenterology Associates. Let’s ensure your digestive health is in the best hands.

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